1)Cold is an environmental stress that can negatively impact survival because the body’s temperature synchronized based on the temperatures changes. This happens because the body wants to survive. This can exceed to hypothermia which can kill some promptly if there is no adaption to the circumstances.

2)Short responses may include metabolic rate and shivering which happens when the body temperature drops. When we shiver, our body shivers to try to produce heat by making us muscles tighten to work. This is a temporary stresses until the body warms up. These methods oh heat production require use of nutrients to provide the energy.

Facultative can adapted when the environment is very cold, life can depend on the capacity of our bodies to decrease heat loss and to increase interior heat production.  As Bergmann and Allen observed, the human physiological reaction to cold commonly includes the evolution of additional massive, compact bodies with moderately less surface area. 

Developmental in colder climates have people that live that have a tendency to be stockier with shorter limbs. People living in harsh subarctic regions, such as the Indians of Tierra del Fuego at the southern end, traditionally consumed large quantities of high calorie fatty foods to retain the heat. This significantly increases the basal metabolic rate which results in the production of extra body heat. Peoples in these situations also wear heavy clothing and often sleep in a crowd, and remained energetic when outdoors.

Cultural adapts to cold climates by adjusting to the temperature for example, wearing thick and warm clothes to synchronized the body temperature. In addition, people have developed cultural patterns and technologies that help them adjust to extremes of temperature. People all over the world also become accustomed by restraining outdoor activities to warmer times of the day.  In some societies, sleeping in family groups with bodies pressed up against each other is also done in order to decrease heat loss during the cold months of the year.

3)The benefits of studying human variation across environmental clines are significant. One example is that humans are so diverse that scientist could study he environmental clines which can show the way to a better perceptive of why we look diverse in each region. This can also clarify how certain populations lived where they did and how they survived in those areas. It also clarifies how humans have adapted over time to the cold weathers and how they have developed use of tools and clothing to survive.

4)Race can be understood by the list above because it explains the size and shape of the people for example, the Inuits. They adapted to the cold weather and survived each storm they faced. However, environmental influences have made them adapt and change to what they are in the present day.

Language Blog Post

I decided to do this with my friend for 15 minutes for each. Being able to not talk in a conversation for 15 minutes was not as difficult as I thought because I was able to just stay quiet and hear everything the person said. I was able to not want to answer back because I was trying to stay focus on being silent. At first, the person was talking really slow, maybe because I was silent but then they gradually started talking normal but it was difficult for them to have to talk for 15 minutes straight. After 7 minutes the person got tired but kept going on until the 15 minutes were over, I was able to get they were finding it hard to be the only person talking. My friend managed to understand what if I agreed with her or not by the gesture but we were laughing at times. I did by accident says a few small words like “yea” or “no” but after a few minutes, I was able to retain myself and just use my body as language which at the end was not as bad as I thought it would be. If were two different cultures meeting for the first time, I would have the advantage because I am fluent in 3 languages (English, Spanish, ASL) and she only knows English so I would have the advantage when using hand gestures, body language and etc. People who are more fluent in different languages have the advantage and also would feel more dominant of the conversation because they would use all the skills they have learned from different languages. Many of my family members have come to America and find it hard learning a new language but they are able to communicate using their hand gesture and body language which helps them try to interact with individuals who do not have the same language.

I found this assignment to be very funny and difficult. I was not able to talk for15 minutes using only speech and not any physical movements or gestures. I was not aware of how much I use my facial, head, voice sound, and gestures when I talk until I had to not use it for 15 minutes. My friend was laughing the whole time because she said I looked a lifeless person just talking in one monotone. She said I sounded like the guy from the red eye commercial. I think I lasted about 5 minutes into the conversation because I couldn’t help but want to use my hands. This experiment shows that the use of “signs” is a part of how we talk day to day. It was so difficult not to use my hands in a simple conversation. Using our hands to talk is important because it shows our emotions. One language that is all about “signs” is ASL which is a community who uses only hand signals to talk to people which is very important when communicating. I think that there are people who may not know it or do not practice it a lot so they do find it hard understanding the body language. Understanding the body language is very beneficial because it helps you communicate with people who may not speak the same language as you so reading their body can help you communicate what they or you are trying to say. Blind people are the only people who do read body language because they cannot see what the person it doing or trying to say.  

Piltdown Hoax

For almost 40 years scientist were fooled by the Piltdown Hoax. It all started when a laborer was digging in a gravel pit near the village of Piltdown in Sussex in southern England when he found a piece of bone. He then passed it to the local archaeologist, Charles Dawson, who verified it and pronounced that it was part of a skull which had the possibility of being human. Dawson began to search for the rest of the skull and, in 1912 a jawbone was discovered to have been as early as the human ancestor. Dawson invited Woodward and Father Pierre Teilhard de Chardin also. The fossils became known as Piltdown Man in 1915, another Dawn Man was found a couple of miles away from the site of the first find. At last, here was proof that apes had evolved into humans in England. Charles Dawson said to have found the fossils while he was digging in a gravel pit which turns out to be not true. Almost forty years later, Piltdown Man was exposed as a forgery, mostly through the work of Dr Kenneth Oakley. He proved that the skull was from a modern human and that the jawbone and teeth were from an orangutan. The teeth had been filed down to make them look human. The bones and teeth had been chemically treated like painted on to give them the appearance of being ancient. The Piltdown Man fraud was an embarrassment to the UK scientific community and questions about it were even asked in the House of Parliament. There were several suspects who could have been responsible for the hoax but no has been held responsible.

Scientist sometimes get influenced by fame, glory, praise and other things that causes them to lie just so they could be recognized by the science community or the world. They forget about the facts and just want their name out there. Evolutionists often express irritation when Piltdown Man and other fakes are raised by their opponents. No-one saw the hoax at the time, but afterward it was discovered it all seemed obvious and things like the file marks suddenly became obvious to them. If only they had spent more time analyzing it, or just holding it up to see the teeth, but instead they were so excited to have found one in England they assumed it was true.

 One of the positive aspects of revealing the skull was the fluoride technology, which was used to determine the age of the bones. The shape and fractures showed that they had come from multiple species, which was later proved with DNA. Scientists discovered that the first bones could only be about one hundred thousand years old. The teeth had been filed down and you could tell because of the groove marks were visible. They had discovered that the bones had been stained and shaped to appear much older then what they told to be.

Scientist are human, they each have their own beliefs just like us. They sometimes let that get to far into their work. Another thing is sometimes scientist forget more about their findings and what they want to find and just care more about people famous, getting their name out in the world, they tend to do hoax like this one. Scientist can become corrupted too. I do not believe you can remove the “human” factor out of the human because then they will be no emotion and that is impossible as a human. Being human is what drives scientist into finding the truth about things, even though that sometimes brings the bad in them too. They should always be a balance to everything. There’s a difference between being greedy and staying on the tight path.

This is a lesson and also a reminder that sometimes reality isn’t in the picture. We have to understand that the all scientific theories are subject to change, added too, or even proved to be false. Nothing is final when it comes to science because science is always changing, scientist are always discovering new and better things. They add and delete things all the time so we should never take heart everything they put out there. We are still discovering new things everyday so we should just keep an open mind to science changing.

Comparative Primate Post

Lemurs (Prosimians/ Strepsirhini)

1.  Lemurs are found only on the island of Madagascar off the coast of Africa. They prefer Madagascar because it was isolated from other smarter primates until humans came along. Rainfall varies with the monsoons blowing in from the Indian Ocean but temperatures are relatively staying the same. Madagascar is large enough to have preserved some of the different prosimian evolutionary radiation, from tiny dwarf lemurs to the terrestrial ring-tailed lemurs. The seasonal and temperature variations on Madagascar are quite mild compared to higher latitudes.
2. Their environment and their lack of competitors have allowed a degree of dietary specialization among the Madagascan prosimians. The lemurs as a group are picky eaters. Most large lemurs are diurnal and eat a wide variety of foods, such as leaves, fruits, buds, barks, and shoots. Tiny lemurs are nocturnal so they tend to eat insects. 
3.  On Africa, Lemurs were forced to go out at night to avoid the other primates.  Lemurs went to Madagascar to get away from the smarter primates. They crossed the islands probably on rafts of plants and wood.  On Madagascar, lemurs did not have any predators until humans came and hunted them.  Without predators, lots of different kinds of lemurs evolved.  Some lemurs could even be active during the day since it was safe for them without any predators. They were able to feed without care, so there was plenty of food there.  

Spider  Monkey (New World Monkey/ Platyrrhini)

1. Spider monkeys live in the tropical rain forests of Central and South America and live as far north as Mexico. These monkeys spend most of their time aloft, and maintain a powerful grip on branches even though they have no thumbs. They have long arms and prehensile tails that enable them to move gracefully from branch to branch and tree to tree. They almost never come to the ground. The tropical rainforest provides a comfortable environment for the monkeys to inhabit.
2. Nearly three-fourths of the spider monkey’s diet consists of fruit. Spider monkeys find food in the treetops and feast on nuts, fruits, leaves, bird eggs, and spiders. They often communicate with many calls, screeches, barks, and other sounds.They eat large quantities of food over a relatively short period of time and they tend to feed by suspension while hanging, climbing or moving. This species is known for its rapidly working digestive system. It will take only four hours for food to completely pass through the spider monkey’s digestive system.
3. If habitat is limited, hunting pressure light and other primate competitors are not present, they have more food to eat but they do not pick fruit and carry it to another location to be eaten so they are constantly eating while moving in the trees and their fast digestive system helps them eat more and often. They have adapted to eating only in the trees so that gives them an advantage from the territorial animals. 

Baboon (Old World Monkey/ Cercopithecidae)

1. They are found though out Africa and southern Asia from tropical jungles to deserts, even snow covered areas in northern Japan. Baboons tend to be more terrestrial and are extremely adaptable.The major requirements for any habitat seems to be water sources and safe sleeping places in either tall trees or on cliff faces.
2. Olive baboons are omnivores, meaning that they eat both meat and plants to obtain their energy.  Grass makes up a large part of their diet but they enjoy eating on fruits, grasses, vegetables, leaves, invertebrates, small mammals, birds, and other delectable, young animals. They have cheek pouches for storing food like hamsters. 
3. The baboon's major predators are humans. Knowing that humans can easily kill or injure them when they are in trees, baboons usually escape through undergrowth. Since they are hunted by humans, they tend to store food which benefits them when they are hiding from predators. The fact they are extremely adaptable helps them which makes their diet unaffected. They are not picky eaters which helps them when they have to keep adapting to new places.  

Gibbon (Lesser Ape/ Hylobatidae) 

1. Gibbons live in old growth tropical rain forests in southeast Asia. They are arboreal and are very rarely observed on the ground. Spending less than 1% of their time on the ground keeps gibbons safe from most of their ground predators. Gibbons are brachiators, meaning that they move from tree to tree by swinging from their arms between branches.
2. Gibbons are omnivores. They hunt for food in the forests during the day, eating fruit which is about 75% of their diet, leaves, flowers, seeds, tree bark, and tender plant shoots. They also eat insects, spiders, bird eggs, and small birds. Gibbons drink water, often by placing their hand into the water or rubbing a hand on wet leaves, and then slurping up the water from their fur. 
3. They are adapted to feeding while hanging from tree branches. Since they spent their time in the trees, they are very good at moving about in the tress making it easy for them to reach fruits and leaves that are very high for other animals to eat which is an advantage to them.

Chimpanzee (Great Ape/ Hominidae) 

1. Chimpanzees live in a wide variety of habitats, including tropical rain forests, woodlands, swamp forests, and grasslands in western Africa. They are endanger because humans hunt then and humans invades their homes sometimes and cut down their trees and homes which makes them always moving to new homes when they feel danger is near. Chimpanzees are social animals that are active during the day . They live in groups of about 40-60 individuals. 
2. Chimpanzees eat a huge variety of foods, like fruits, leaves, insects, buts, birds eggs, caterpillars, and small mammals. Both male and female take part in group hunting to kill small mammals like antelope. They prey on monkeys like the red colobus and when they successfully catches their prey, the members of the hunting share the prey. Chimpanzees drink water, often by using a chewed leaf as a sponge to sop up the water.
3. Chimpanzees are very intelligent and can learn extremely complex tasks like catching prey. They live in groups which helps them hunt because hunting in groups is an advantage of catching a big prey enough for them to eat and share. Their predators and mostly humans so they have to be able to adapt to new nesting homes because trees are being cut down which limits their food supply because other animals they prey on are also moving to survive. 

Summary:

The level of influence the environment has on the expression of physical and behavioral traits is very high. It seems each primate is able to get by under different circumstances.  Most of these animals adapt pretty well to new habitats which gives them a higher percentage of surviving. Most of them spend their time in the trees so they have avoided their predators as much as they can. Physical most of them have the capacity to swing tree by tree with no problem and use their claws, fur, and tails if they have one, and their hands and legs. The environment has a huge influence on these different traits because they have to be able to adjust to the new climates, food source, and also new predators around them, if they are not capable of adjusting, they will not survive